
                         The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ
                         ------------------------

                 translator: etony C.F.AN <etony@tom.com>

                            Debian FAQ Authors

                        version 4.0.5, 17 May 2011


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


ժҪ
----

     ĵһЩ Debian GNU/Linux ĳ.


Ȩ
--------

     Copyright (C) 1996-2003 by Software in the Public Interest

     زĵȨǰ, ͷĵ.

     汾йذȨǰ,
     ͷڱĵ޸İ汾, ,
     ͨ޸ıĵõĹɹ,
     ʹ뱾ĵһµ.

     ޸İ汾Ȩǰ,
     ͷĵԵķ汾,
     о(Free Software
     Foundation)׼ĵػ뱾, ѭػ뱾.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Ŀ¼
----

     1.        
     1.1.      ʲô Debian GNU/Linux?
     1.2.      OK, ֪Debian ... Linuxʲô?!
     1.3.      ʲô "Hurd"?
     1.4.      Debian GNU/Linux  Linux аʲôͬ?
               ΪʲôҪѡDebian GNU/Linux?
     1.5.      Debian ƻGNUƻ
     1.6.      Debian ķ?

     2.        Debian GNU/Linux Ļȡ밲װ
     2.1.      Debian °汾?
     2.2.      εõ Debian İװ?
     2.3.      δӹװ Debian?
     2.4.      п¼, Իȡ Debian Ӱ?
     2.5.      ̰װ?
     2.6.      簲װ?

     3.        
     3.1.      ʲôӲϵͳ?
     3.2.      linuxа?
     3.3.      Debian Դ Unix ?
     3.4.      ҿ RedHat/Slackware/... ʹ Debian
               İ(".deb"ļ)? ҿ Debian ʹ RedHat  rpm
               ?
     3.5.      Debian  "a.out"  ?
     3.6.      IDebian  libc5 ?
     3.7.      Debian Ա libc5 ?
     3.8.      ΰװ Debian ʽ?
     3.9.       `foo' ʱΪʲôʾ " ޷ҵlibX11.so.6"?
     3.10.     ΪʲôҲܱҪ libtermcap ĳ?
     3.11.     ʲô޷װ AccelX?
     3.12.     Ϊʲôҵ XFree2.1Motif ?

     4.        Debian ϵͳ
     4.1.      Debian GNU/Linux ЩӦó뿪?
     4.2.      ˭дЩ?
     4.3.      εõDebianĵǰѿб?
     4.4.      Debian GNU/Linux ȱʲô?
     4.5.      ұʱΪʲô "ld: cannot find -lfoo" ʾ?Debian
               Ŀļôû?
     4.6.      Debian ֧ Java ?
     4.7.      ôȷʹõ Debian ϵͳ, ôİ汾?
     4.8.      (Ӣ)ֵ֧ô?
     4.9.       US ĳ?
     4.10.     εõ pine?

     5.        Debian  FTP
     5.1.      Debian  FTP ЩĿ¼?
     5.2.       `dists' Ŀ¼Щ汾?
     5.3.       slink, potato, ȵ, ʲô˼?
     5.3.1.         ǰùЩ?
     5.3.2.         ԴԺδ?
     5.4.      "sid" ʲô?
     5.5.      stable Ŀ¼?
     5.6.      testing Ŀ¼?
     5.6.1.         "frozen" ʲô?
     5.7.      unstable Ŀ¼?
     5.8.      `dists/stable/main'?
     5.9.      ԻȡԴ?
     5.10.     `pool' Ŀ¼ʲô ?
     5.11.     ʲô "incoming"?

     6.        Debian İϵͳ
     6.1.      ʲô Debian ?
     6.2.      Debian ĸʽ?
     6.3.      Ϊʲô Debian ô?
     6.4.      Debian Ŀļʲô?
     6.5.      Debian ļ
     6.6.      Debian  preinst, postinst, prerm,  postrm ű?
     6.7.      ȼ?
     6.8.      ʲô?
     6.9.      Ĺ
     6.10.     Pre-Depends ʲô˼?
     6.11.     ״̬( _unknown_, _install_, _remove_ _purge_  _hold_)?
     6.12.     һ?
     6.13.     ΰװһ source ?
     6.14.     δԴ봴ư?
     6.15.     Լ Debian ?

     7.        Debian İ
     7.1.      ṩЩ?
     7.1.1.         dpkg
     7.1.2.         dselect
     7.1.3.         dpkg-deb
     7.1.4.         apt-get
     7.1.5.         dpkg-split
     7.2.      Debian Զһеĳ, ?
     7.3.      ҵ Debian ϵͳװЩ?
     7.4.      ҳһļĹ?

     8.        ϵͳ
     8.1.      ѻ libc5  Debian1.3.1() libc6
               2.0()?
     8.2.      ҵϵͳ?
     8.2.1.         APT
     8.2.2.         dpkg-ftp
     8.2.3.         mirror
     8.2.4.         dpkg-mountable
     8.3.      ǵûģʽ?
     8.4.      ҪӲϱе .deb ?
     8.5.      ־?

     9.        Debian ں
     9.1.      Բ Debian رں?
     9.2.      Debian ıں˹
     9.3.      ?
     9.4.      Debian µģ?
     9.5.      ҿɾں, , ô?

     10.        Debian GNU/Linux İװ
     10.1.     ȷеĳʹõͬҳߴ(paper size)?
     10.2.     Ӳ豸İȫ
     10.3.     Debianʱؿ̨?
     10.4.     һ X11 Ĭֵ?
     10.5.     ÿ linux а涼вͬʽ,  Debian
               ķʽ.
     10.6.      Debian ʹ `rc.local' ;
               ôṩʲô?
     10.7.      Debian ʽİ?
     10.8.     ͬ汾ļ
     10.9.      Debian İϵͳ Debian ʽ?
     10.10.    Debian Բͬϲõ֧?

     11.       ȡ Debian GNU/Linux ֧
     11.1.     Debian ϵͳĵ?
     11.2.     Щ Debian Դʵ Debian
               ṩĻüֵ֧Ҫʹ email.
     11.2.1.        ʼб
     11.2.2.        άԱ
     11.2.3.        
     11.3.     Ѱ Debian GNU/Linux ϵĿٷ?
     11.4.     ֪ļ¼?
     11.5.     ύһ Debian еĴ?

     12.       Ϊ Debian Ŀ
     12.1.     γΪһ Debian ?
     12.2.      Debian ĿԴ?
     12.3.     ΪDebianĿ?
     12.3.1.        SPI֯
     12.3.2.        (FSF)

     13.       ΪƷ Debian GNU/Linux
     13.1.     ҿ Debian CD ??
     13.2.     ԰?
     13.3.      Debian GNU/Linux Ͽҵ Linux 汾?
     13.4.     ҵҵ Debian ?

     14.       һ Debian аһЩչ
     14.1.     ǿȫ
     14.2.     ǿԷӢû֧
     14.3.     ϵṹ
     14.4.     ں

     15.       ƪ FAQ һЩ
     15.1.     
     15.2.     
     15.3.     ȡ
     15.4.     ĵʽ


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1. 
-------------


1.1. ʲô Debian GNU/Linux?
-----------------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux ָһ linux
     ϵͳ_а_תİļ.

     ʵ, ûͨȡ Linux ں, б.
     ͨͬķȡӦóԴ, б.  ȻװԼϵͳ.
     Щӵĳ˵, Ƿʱ״.  ,
     ûͨͨаȡϵͳӦó.  аͨ, Э,
     , Լװά, ĵֵ.

     Debian GNU/Linux ־Ը߽һ,  Unix
     ݲϵͳŬĽ.  ɵ UNIX ϵͳ뷨Դ GNU
     ƻ,  Debian GNU/Linux ӦóҲ GNU Ŀ.

     Debian  GNU һµģ Debian ָ
     (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines).  ˵ Free
     ָ, Ǽ۸.  ָɷַ俽, Ը,
     ԵõԴ, Զ޸Ļʹ, ֪Щ.

     Debian Ŀ Ian Murdock  1993 괴, 
     GNU ƻ·.  , Debian Ϊ GNU ƻһ֧.

     Debian GNU/Linux :

        * __: Debian Ŀǰг 29000 .  Debian
          ΪûṩѡװĹ.  κ Debian վ
          (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist)ҵڵǰб.

        * _ʹúͷַ_: ʹúͷַκη.  Debian GNU/Linux
          ʽѭ GNU ͨù֤.

          Debian FTP  187 ƿɷַ ( `non-free' 
          `contrib' ).

        * _̬_: Լ 880 λ־Ը߾µĻĽ룬Debian
          ·ǳ죬ÿ¶µķмƻ, FTPÿ춼.

      Debian GNU/Linux ȻĻϹ Linux
     ҵ汾 13.3 , ` Debian GNU/Linux Ͽҵ Linux
     汾?'  .


1.2. OK, ֪Debian ... Linuxʲô?!
---------------------------------------------

     ֮, Linux һ UNIX ϵͳں.  Ϊ
     386(߸)PC Ƶ, ڰദڵϵͳ¿.  Linux
      Linus Torvalds ȫܶѧұд.

     ں, "Linux" :

        *  Liunx ׼һļϵͳ http://www.pathname.com/fhs/.

        *  Unix ʵó,  GNU
          ƻῪ.

      Linux ں, ļϵͳ, GNU  FSF Ӧ,  POSIX(IEEE
     1003.1) ׼ӦĽ.    3.3 , `Debian Դ
     Unix ?'.

     Ĺ Linux Ϣ Michael K.  Johnson  Linux Information
     Sheet (ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/INFO-SHEET)  Meta-FAQ
     (ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/META-FAQ).


1.3. ʲô "Hurd"?
-------------------

     Hurd  GNU Mach ΢ںϵһ׷, ΪGNU.

     ĿǰDebian GNU/Linux, Ҳڿ Debian GNU/Hurd
     , ڻûйٷа, ̫.

      GNU/Hurd Ϣμhttp://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/ , Debian
     GNU/Hurd μhttp://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/.


1.4. Debian GNU/Linux  Linux аʲôͬ? ΪʲôҪѡDebian
GNU/Linux?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     аҪ:

     The Debian package maintenance system:
          ϵͳ, һֿڲ, ʧļ,
          .
          еLinuxа涼Լϵͳ; Debian
          ϵͳǶһ޶.  (  6 , `Debian
          İϵͳ')

     Open development:
           Linux аɶ, С͵,
          յĻҵ֯, Debian
          Ψһһȫ緶Χڵͨ Linux
          а.

          ȫ糬 880 λ־Ը߰άԱάų 29000 ,
          ҲϸĽ Debian GNU/Linux.  Debian ߲ͨ׫д,
          ͨĿ׼װ,
          ύ󱨸ṩû֧ΪĿԼ.
          ΪһλĸϢ  12.1 , `γΪһ
          Debian ?'.

     The Bug Tracking System:
          ߵϵķɢҪһĹߺͿٵͨѶڴύʹ޸,
          ԼϵͳĿ.  ûʹʽĸʽͨ WWW  e-mail
          ύ.  Ϣ  11.4 , `֪ļ¼?'.

     The Debian Policy:
          Debian й׼ Debian Եϸ˵.
          ĵά׼.

     Ϣǵҳ ѡ Debian 
     (http://www.debian.org/intro/why_debian).


1.5. Debian ƻGNUƻ
-----------------------------------------

     Debian ͨ  (http://www.gnu.org/) ر Richard
     Stallman (http://www.stallman.org/) 빹.  FSF
     ǿϵͳ, ߺӦóҲһ Debian ϵͳĹؼ.

     Debian Ŀȫͬ FSF Ŀ, Ǳžϵ,
     ĿЭ.  FSF ȷҪǳǵϵͳΪ"Debian
     GNU/Linux", ѭҪ.

     FSF ĳĿǻHurd (http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/)
     һ GNU µĲϵͳ.  Debian ڴϵͳж FSF ʹ,
      Debian GNU/Hurd (http://www.debian.org/ports/hurd/).


1.6. Debian ķ?
-------------------------

     Debian ķ Deb'-ee-en, ڵһ,  Debian Ŀʼ
     Ian Murdock  Debra д.(ֵܶк Ian
     ȷ(!), Ian  ee'-en.)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


2. Debian GNU/Linux Ļȡ밲װ
--------------------------------


2.1. Debian °汾?
-------------------------

     Ŀǰ Debian GNU/Linux 汾:

     _release 6.0, . `stable' _
          ͨòԵȶ, شȫ޲ʱŸ.

     _`testing' _
          һ "stable" ;ǾԣǻԷе unetable ,
          stable ¿,  unstable .

     _`unstable' _
          еİ汾, Ƶ.  ʱ Debian  Ftp ϵ 'unstable'
          , ϵͳ, 㲻ϵͳǰһȶ -
          ǳ `_unstable_' ԭ!

       5.2 , ` `dists' Ŀ¼Щ汾?'  .


2.2. εõ Debian İװ?
------------------------------

     Ե Debian վ (http://www.debian.org/mirror/list).

     ӲϵͳĲֱͬ `dists/stable/main' Ŀ¼
     `disks-<arch>'(<arch> Ϊ "i386", "sparc", ,
     վȡȷб)Ŀ¼.  ЩĿ¼ÿаַһĿ¼.
     ° `current' Ŀ¼(һ).

     Ŀ¼µ`README.txt' .


2.3. δӹװ Debian?
---------------------------

     Linux֧ ISO 9660 (CD-ROM) ļϵͳ, һЩ̼
     (http://www.debian.org/CD/vendors/) ṩָʽDebian GNU/Linux.

     : ӹװ Debian ʱ, ѡ dselect ʽǸ⣬.
     `mountable'  `apt' ʽҪõĶ(  8.2.4 , `dpkg-mountable'
       8.2.1 , `APT').


2.4. п¼, Իȡ Debian Ӱ?
----------------------------------------

     ǵ.  Ϊʹ CD ̼ҸṩĴ, ṩ ٷ CD Ӱ
     (http://cdimage.debian.org/).


2.5. ̰װ?
--------------------

     , :  Debian GNU/Linux ̫, ڱ׼ 1.44 MB
     Сʰװʽ, ִ̰ᷢװһ.

      Debian Ƶ, "DOS" ʽ, "ext2" ʽ"minix" ʽ,
     Ȼmount ҽ.

     ʹ̱Ƚϸ:

        * ̵ MS-DOS ļ: ѰƵ MSDOS ʽ,
          ᷢǵ̫,  MS-DOS 8.3 ʽ,
          ʹֳ֧ļ VFAT ʽ.

        * ļ: һЩ 1.4MB, ܸһ, ʹ
          dpkgsplit ( 7.1.5 , `dpkg-split'),
          ԴDebian (http://www.debian.org/mirror/list)վ
          `tools' Ŀ¼.

     ں֧,
     ܶд̣ڵں˶̵֧.

     ̹ҽӵ `/floppy' (ӦڰװдһĿ¼), ʹ:

        * mount -t msdos /dev/fd0 /floppy/

          A, MS-DOS ʽ,

        * mount -t msdos /dev/fd1 /floppy/

          B, MS-DOS ʽ,

        * mount -t ext2 /dev/fd0 /floppy/

          A, ext2 ʽ (, ͨ Linux) .


2.6. 簲װ?
--------------------

     ǵ, ʹô Debian  FTP 侵صİװϵͳ.

     һС CD Ӱļ,  CD, ڰװϵͳ,
     簲װ,  http://www.debian.org/CD/netinst/.

     ظСӰļ, Ǵ,
     Ȼͨ翪ʼװ Debian.
     http://www.debian.org/distrib/floppyinst.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3. 
-------------


3.1. ʲôӲϵͳ?
----------------------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux гԴ,
     ˿Linuxںֵ֧Ӳϵͳ;  Linux FAQ
     (http://en.tldp.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ/intro.html#DOES-LINUX-RUN-ON-MY-COMPUTER).

     Debian GNU/Linux ڵİ汾 6.0,
     ӲϵͳеԴͶƳ:

     _i386_: ָ Intel ͼݴ PC ,Intel 386, 486,
     Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II (Klamath  Celeron),  Pentium III,
     Լ AMD, Cyrix ļݴ.

     _m68k_: ָMotorola 680x0 Amiga  ATARIϵ.

     _alpha_: ָ Compaq/Digital  Alpha ϵͳ.

     _sparc_: ָSun SPARC ʹ󲿷ֵ UltraSPARC ϵͳ.

     _powerpc_: ָ IBM/Motorola PowerPC,  CHRP, PowerMac  PReP.

     _arm_: ָARM  StrongARM.

     _mips_: ָ SGI  big-endian MIPS ϵͳ, Indy  Indigo2; _mipsel_: ָ
     little-endian MIPS, Digital DECstations.

     _hppa_: ָ Hewlett-Packard  PA-RISC(712, C3000, L2000, A500).

     _ia64_: ָIntel  IA-64 ("Itanium") .

     _s390_: IBM  S/390 ϵͳ.

      Sparc64(UltraSPARC native)  Debian Ķư汾ڿ׶.

     ľӲ֧ûװֲ
     http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.


3.2. linuxа?
-----------------------------------

     Debian Ŭ Linux а湵ͨ, Աļ.
     ǵĿһеĺܺ.

     Debian GNU/Linux ѭ Linux ļϵͳα׼)Linux Filesystem
     Hierarchy Standard) (http://www.pathname.com/fhs/).  ,
     ڹϴһĻĳЩϸϿаͬ.


3.3. Debian Դ Unix ?
---------------------------------------

     LinuxԴǺ Unix ϵͳݵ.  ֧ System V
     Unix ϵͳɵĺҵ BSD ϵͳегԴ.
     ˵޷֤, ˶ UNIX ûʲôֵ.
     Ҫȫ, Ǵ󲿷ּ.  ˳˽
     POSIX.1 (IEEE Standard 1003.1-1990),  UNIX
     ϵͳԴԵҪ׼֮һ.

     Linux ԭҪ POSIX.1 ,  POSIX ѵ,  POSIX.1
     ֤൱.  ʹ Linux  POSIX ൱.  ֤ʹ
     Debian ùٷ֤൱,
     ʹѾȫͨȷ(Ϊø POSIX ׼Ϲ,
     Щȷѻ).

     Unifix ɷ޹˾(Braunschweig, ¹) һ FIPS 151-2
     ֤ Linux ϵͳ.  ּ Unifix ķа Unifix Linux 2.0 
     Lasermoon  Linux-FT.


3.4. ҿ RedHat/Slackware/... ʹ Debian İ(".deb"ļ)?
ҿ Debian ʹ RedHat  rpm ?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     ͬķаʹòͬʽ.

     _:_
          ͨһ԰һ Debian װ''а Linux
          ϵͳ, ͨ, Ҳ԰һRedHat  Slackware
          ʽİת Debian GNU/Linux ʽİ.   Linux
          ļϵͳĲα׼.  Alien (http://packages.debian.org/alien)
          ڲͬʽİת.

     _:_
          Щڰװļʱ, Լдװļ, ͨЩļǲ׼.
           '' ϵͳϰװһ Debian ,
          ڰϵͳܲԤ֪Ӱ.
          ͬһϵͳϵĳҲԳɹİװ Debian ϵͳ, ,
          ܻᵼ Debian ϵͳһЩɾ,
          ܱϵͳϰװЩ.

     _һȽϺõķ:_
          Linuxļϵͳ׼ `/usr/local/' µĿ¼ȫûʹ,
          ˿Խforeign' װĿ¼,,,ɾ.


3.5. Debian  "a.out"  ?
-------------------------------------

     ȷʵĳ?  :-)

     _ִ_ һ `a.out' ʽĳ(, QMAGIC  ZMAGIC),

        * ȷں֧, Ҫôڽ֧(CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=y),
          Ҫô̬ģ֧(CONFIG_BINFMT_AOUT=m).  (Debian
          ںӰһ `binfmt_aout' ģ)

          ںǶ̬ģ֧, ôȷ `binfmt_aout' ģѼ.
          ޸ `/etc/modules' ļ, ʹ `binfmt_aout'
          ģʱ.  Ҳִ `insmod DIRNAME/binfmt_aout.o'
          .  `DIRNAME' ָں˰汾йص·,  2.2.17
          ں˵ϵͳ `DIRNAME' п `/lib/modules/2.2.17/fs/'.

        * װ 2.0 ǰ汾ҵ `libc4' Ϊ 2.0
          ʼɾǸ).  ϰ Debian ̣Debian 1.3.1
          Ȼ ftp://archive.debian.org/debian-archive/
          ҵ

        * ִеĳǸ`a.out'ͼοͻ, װ `xcompat'
          .(ǰĻȡ).

      `a.out' ʽҵ, Ҫ̼ҷһ `ELF'
     ĺû.


3.6. IDebian  libc5 ?
-----------------------------------

     ǵ,ֻҪ `oldlibs' (ϳ)װ `libc5' .


3.7. Debian Ա libc5 ?
----------------------------------

     ǵ.   `oldlibs' Ŀ¼װ `libc5-altdev'  `altgcc' .
      `/usr/i486-linuxlibc1/bin' Ŀ¼· `gcc'  `g++',
      $PATH , ʹ`make' ִ.

     ͻͼδϵͳ(X clients), Ҫװ `xlib6'  `xlib6-altdev'
     .

     עǵ libc5 ֵ֧̫.


3.8. ΰװ Debian ʽ?
--------------------------------

     `/usr/local/' Ŀ¼µļ Debian ϵͳƷΧ֮.
     ˰ĳԴŵ /usr/local/src/ Ŀ¼Ǹϰ.
     ԰һΪ "foo.tar" İѹ `/usr/local/src/foo' Ŀ¼,
     󣬿ִгŵ `/usr/local/bin/', ļŵ
     `/usr/local/lib/', ļŵ`/usr/local/etc/'.

     ĳŵĿ¼, Կ԰ǷŵĿ¼,
     ҪĿ¼һָ `/usr/local/' Ŀ¼λ.  

          ln -s /usr/local/bin/foo /usr/bin/foo

     һٷַ, ԰ Debian ʽİ,
     Ȼص Debian ϵͳ, ûֲйDebian
     ʽĽ( 11.1 , `Debian ϵͳĵ?').


3.9.  `foo' ʱΪʲôʾ " ޷ҵlibX11.so.6"?
------------------------------------------------------

     ˳ʹõ X11 Ŀ `libc5'汾, ζҪ
     `oldlibs' װ`xlib6' This error message could mean that the program
     is linked against the `libc5' version of the X11 libraries.  In this
     case you need to install the `xlib6' package, from the `oldlibs'
     section.

     Ҳ libXpm.so.4 ĴϢ, Ҫ `xpm4.7'
     аװlibc5 汾 XPM .


3.10. ΪʲôҲܱҪ libtermcap ĳ?
---------------------------------------------

     Debian ʹ `terminfo' ݿ `ncurses' ļ `termcap'
     ݿ`termcap' ļ.  ЩʱӦ `libncurses' 滻
     `libtermcap', ûӦһĹն˽ӿڵ֪ʶ.

     ΪѾ `termcap' ûԴĳ, Debian
     ṩһ `termcap-compat' İ, ṩ `libtermcap.so.2' 
     `/etc/termcap',
     װԽʾ޷'libtermcap.so.2'ȱ
     `/etc/termcap' ļ.


3.11. ʲô޷װ AccelX?
--------------------------

     AccelX װʱõ `termcap' ,  3.10 ,
     `ΪʲôҲܱҪ libtermcap ĳ?'.


3.12. Ϊʲôҵ XFree2.1Motif ?
--------------------------------------

     Ҫװ `motifnls' , ṩ XFree-3.1л XFree-2.1
      Motif XFree-2.1 ļ.

     ûЩļ, һЩ Motif ճʱпܻ,
     Ҳܻ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


4. Debian ϵͳ
--------------------


4.1. Debian GNU/Linux ЩӦó뿪?
-------------------------------------------------

     ʹаһ, Debian GNU/Linuxṩ:

        * , ĵ, ִҪ GUN Ӧó, gcc,
          g++, make, texinfo, Emacs, Bash shell ڶĸĽ UNIX ,

        * Perl, Python, Tcl/Tk Լֵ, ģ, ļ,

        * TeX (LaTeX)  Lyx, dvips, Ghostscript,

        * X ڹ, Ϊ Linux ṩ˻ͼû, Ͱ GNOME
          ڵ X ͼӦó,

        * һӦó, ڻЭķ HTTP (WWW), FTP,
          NNTP (news), SMTP  POP (mail)  name server;
          ҲҳͿ.

      28200 , ŷ֧, 
     ,ݿӱ, ͼδ, ͨ, ʼ, ҳ, 
     ham-radio . 187  Debian , Ϊ֤ԭ, ûгΪ
     Debian ʽɲ.


4.2. ˭дЩ?
--------------------

     ÿ__ֶ/ `/usr/doc/PACKAGE/copyright' ļ, 
     PACKAGE ָ.

     ϵͳÿ_ά_дںһĿļ(  6.4
     , `Debian Ŀļʲô?').


4.3. εõDebianĵǰѿб?
----------------------------------------

     ַʽȡһб:

          κһ Debian  (http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist) 
          `indices/Maintainers' ļжһɷַб,
          ļάߵ, e-mail.

          κһ url name="Debian non-US "
          id="http://www.debian.org/mirror/list-non-US"> 
          `indices-non-US/Maintainers' ļжһֹڰб,
          άߵ,e-mail.
     Debianwwwѯҳ20The Debian  WWW ѯҳ
     (http://packages.debian.org/) 20.


4.4. Debian GNU/Linux ȱʲô?
-------------------------------

     кԤڿ (http://www.debian.org/devel/wnpp/),
     о.

     Ϣμ  12.1 , `γΪһ Debian ?'.


4.5. ұʱΪʲô "ld: cannot find -lfoo" ʾ?Debian
Ŀļôû?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Debian Ҫ( libfoo.so.x.y.z)λڲͬİ,
     ЩͨΪlibfoo-dev  libfooX-dev( libfooX, X
     Ǹ).


4.6. Debian ֧ Java ?
-------------------------

     Ϊ Sun ٷ JVAV Ƿ, ˲ܼ Debian.
     ǿԻDebian ʽ JAVA  JDK ͼ _free_ Ĺ,
     ʹ Debian , ,  JAVA .

      JAVA С(applet), Ҫ web ʶִǵ, Debian
     һЩ Mozilla, Konqueror ֧ JAVA Ĳ, Ҳҵ
     non-free  Debian ʽ Netscape , Ҳ JAVA
     С(applet).

     Ϣμ Debian Java FAQ
     (http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-java-faq/).


4.7. ôȷʹõ Debian ϵͳ, ôİ汾?
----------------------------------------------------------

     ͨǷ `/etc/debian_version' ļȷϵͳǲ
     Debian, ļаһʾİ汾ŵ,  `base-files'
     .

     `dpkg' Ĵʹϵͳϰװ Debian Ϊ,
     ֲϵͳ򹹼Ϻ, һɿļ𷽷.

     ûӦ֪, Debian ɺܶಿֹ, ÿһ()Ե,
     ÿ汾жõĹ̶.  ֲǿԵ, ʹ `dpkg
     --list foo' ɵõ `foo', İװ״̬.  鿴аİ汾, 

          dpkg -l

     Ϣ:

          dpkg --status foo


4.8. (Ӣ)ֵ֧ô?
------------------------------------

        * Debian GNU/Linux а̵ܶļӳ(keymaps),
          ṩ(`kbd' )װ, 鿴, ޸д.

          װʱʾûѡȷļ.

        * ֧ڷ US-ASCII ַϵ( ISO-8859-1 
          ISO-8859-2)ʹ, ֧ܶĻĵĶֽ.

        * , `manpages-LANG'(LANG λ ISO Ҵ)ṩ,
          , , , , , , , Ͳûֲ.
          Ҫʹһ NLS ֲ, ȷ shell  LC_MESSAGES .

          , ҪʹֲӦ LC_MESSAGES Ϊ 'italian', man
          ͻᵽ `/usr/share/man/it/' Ѱֲ.


4.9.  US ĳ?
------------------------

     ĳ.  PGP, ssh ȶڴ.

     Ϊ˱ⲻҪķ, ĳЩ Debian GNU/Linux , 
     ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/ ṩ.  ྵվб
     ftp://non-US.debian.org/debian-non-US/README.non-US.


4.10. εõ pine?
--------------------

     Ϊ֤, pine ڷ(non-free), ,
     ַ֤޸ĺĶƳ, ԼԴ
     Debian .

     Դ `pine'.  `pine-tracker' ȡ֪ͨ.

     עкܶ pine  pico Ʒ,  main m`mutt'  `nano'.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


5. Debian  FTP
----------------


5.1. Debian  FTP ЩĿ¼?
--------------------------------

     Դ Debian վĿ¼»ȡ˰.

     `dists' Ŀ¼"а"(distributions), ˴ǻ Debian
     汾(releases)ѷ汾(pre-releases);.
     Щ packages.gz ļ.

     `pool' Ŀ¼Ϊַ.   5.10 , ``pool' Ŀ¼ʲô
     ?'.

     һЩĿ¼:

     _/tools/_:
          ڴ, ̷, ѹ/ѹļ,  Linux  DOS
          µС.

     _/doc/_:
           Debian ĵ,  FAQ, 󱨸ϵͳָ..

     _/indices/_:
          άԱļļ.

     _/project/_:
          󲿷ΪԱԴ, :

          _project/experimental/_:
               Ŀ¼˴ڿе͹, Ǿ alpha
               Խ׶.  ûӦʹЩ,
               ΪʹǾḻûҲᱻһ.


5.2.  `dists' Ŀ¼Щ汾?
-------------------------------

     ͨ Debian а汾,  "stable" а, "testing" а
     "unstable" а.  ʱһ "frozen" а, (see  5.6.1
     , `"frozen" ʲô?').


5.3.  slink, potato, ȵ, ʲô˼?
----------------------------------------

     ֻһЩ汾(codenames).  ڿ׶εķаֻа汾,
     ûа汾, ʹð汾ŵĿڼ򻯽 Debian
     а澵Ĺ(ʵĿ¼ `unstable' ͻȻΪ `stable',
     ļûҪٴ).

     ǰ, `stable' һָ `woody'(Debian GNU/Linux 6.0)ķ,
     `testing' ָ `sarge' ķ.  Ҳ˵ `woody' ǵǰ
     `stable' а, `sarge' ǵǰ`testing' а .

     `unstable' аָ `sid' ÷,  unstable
     аܳΪ`sid'(μ  5.4 , `"sid" ʲô?').

5.3.1. ǰùЩ?
--------------------------

     ʹùķа: `buzz' for release 1.1, `rex' for release 1.2,
     `bo' for releases 1.3.x, `hamm' for release 2.0, `slink' for release
     2.1  `potato' for release 2.2.

5.3.2. ԴԺδ?
--------------------

     ĿǰΪֹǾ Pixar ĵӰ"ܶԱ(Toy Story)" .

        * _buzz_ (Buzz Lightyear) ǸԱ,

        * _rex_ ֻ,

        * _bo_ (Bo Peep) ǸŮ,

        * _hamm_ ǸСǮ,

        * _slink_ (Slinky Dog (R)) ֻ߹,

        * _potato_ Ȼ Potato Head ,

        * _woody_ was the cowboy.

        * _sarge_ λɫʿ.

        * _etch_ ߺڰ.

        * _sid_ Ǹڵк, Ǹս.


5.4. "sid" ʲô?
------------------

     _sid_  _unstable_ Ǵصĵط, ЩҪ
     _testing_, Ȼ _stable_ ﷢.  sid ܱ,
     Ҳܲ.

     "sid" ڵӰ "ܶԱ(Toy Story)" Ķ: Sid
     ǸڵкǸս :-)

     [1]

[1]  ȥ sid , FTP վṹиȱ: 赱ǰ unstable
     адĳĿ,  unstable Ϊµ stable ֮ʱ,
     ķ֮.  һҪƶµ stable Ŀ¼,
     ڶĿƶĿ¼ʱᱻɵ,
     ̾Եúܲʵ, Ŀûа.

     о, ĵԱһ,
     δ׼ĶĵΪ sid ضĿ¼.
     Щδ, ʱ, Ǿͱ뵽 unstable Ŀ¼.
     ״ηʱ, Ὠһӵǰ stable ָ sid .
     ûȷЩͷ.

     س(pool)( 5.10 , ``pool' Ŀ¼ʲô ?'),
     һ淶 pool Ŀ¼, 뷢аֱӹϵ,
     °汾ʱ, Ͳٳִĵ.  (,
     Ǳ).


5.5. stable Ŀ¼?
-----------------------

        * stable/main/: Ŀ¼ Debian GNU/Linux
          ϵͳʽɲ.

          ЩѭDebian ָ
          (http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines).

        * stable/non-free/: Ŀ¼ܵһ,
          ѭȨҪ.

          , Щֹ֤ҵе.  Щٷ,
          ǹ.
          κηʽٷЩʱ(д),
          Ķйص֤Э.

        * stable/contrib/: Ŀ¼ѭ DFSG-free
          ԭ򣬱Ҳ_ɷ_,
          ЩĹɷе, λ non-free Ŀ¼.


5.6. testing Ŀ¼?
------------------------

      unstable 汾 testing ͨԺǼǵ 'testing' Ŀ¼.

     Щͬʱмܹ, ûйӰ쵽ж;
      unstable еӦ汾, иٵ release-critical .
     ǽ 'testing' Ϊѷѡ汾.

     й "testing" 汾ĸϢ http://www.debian.org/devel/testing

5.6.1. "frozen" ʲô?
-----------------------

      "testing" а㹻, ͻᱻ ''(freezing),
     ͨ, ȷٵ "unstable" bug  "testing".

     һʱԺ "testing" аͳΪ 'frozen' ,
     ʾ汾ټ´, ֻг.  "testing"
     а滹Ҫ֮Ϊ "ѭ" ȶ.

     ǽ "testing" апӳ汾Ĵ󶼼¼ڰ.
      current testing release information
     (http://www.debian.org/releases/testing/).

     һڿɽֵܵ,  "testing" аͽ
     "stable" һ汾.

     °汾, ǰİ汾Ϊڰ(obsolete).   Debian archive
     (http://www.debian.org/distrib/archive).


5.7. unstable Ŀ¼?
-------------------------

     `unstable' а淴ӳϵͳ¿չ.
     ӭûʹòЩ, ͬʱҲЩ.
     ʹ unstable аĺôԻ Debian
     Ŀ¸¡¶Ҳ, úû :-)

      `unstable' ͬ main, contrib  non-free Ŀ¼, ǵ
     `stable' еһ.


5.8. `dists/stable/main'?
-------------------------------

     ÿĿ¼[1] ļĿ¼.

     һ `binary-<something>' Ŀ¼, ּƽ̨,
     ļ, , `binary-i386' Ϊ Intel x386 PC
     ϵ, `binary-sparc'  Sun SPARCStations ϵ.

     ÿаƽ̨б the release's web page
     (http://www.debian.org/releases/).  ǰа,   3.1 ,
     `ʲôӲϵͳ?'.

     binary-* µļ Packages(.gz),
     ажб.  λΪһ
     `pool' Ŀ¼.

     , һΪ source/ Ŀ¼,
     аԴļ.  ļ Sources(.gz).

     , ȫ, һڰװϵͳļĿ¼.   _woody_
     ,  `disks-<architecture>';  _sarge_ , 
     `debian-installer/binary-<architecture>'.

[1]  `dists/stable/main', `dists/stable/contrib', `dists/stable/non-free',
      `dists/unstable/main/', .


5.9. ԻȡԴ?
--------------------------

     Debian ϵͳеһгԴ.  ,
     ֤涨ϵͳеĳ__Դһ,
     ̼ȡԴ.

     ͨԴɢ `pool' Ŀ¼ͬʱڶܹĿ¼( 5.10 ,
     ``pool' Ŀ¼ʲô ?').  ûطǳϤ FTP Ŀ¼ṹ,
     Դ `apt-get source mypackagename' .

     Щ, `pine', ֤, ֻṩԴ.   
     4.10 , `εõ pine?'.

     "contrib"  "non-free" Ŀ¼еܲṩԴ,
     Ϊûʽ Debian ϵͳS.


5.10. `pool' Ŀ¼ʲô ?
---------------------------

     Žһ޴ "(pool)", ԴƷ.
     Ϊ˷, pool Ŀ¼°ٷ("main", "contrib" 
     "non-free"), ٰԴƵĸ鵵.
     ЩĿ¼ļ: ڸϵͳܹĶ,
     ЩԴ.

     ִ `apt-cache showsrc mypackagename', 鿴 'Directory:'
     л֪ÿĴλ.  : `apache' 
     `pool/main/a/apache/' Ŀ¼.

     , `lib*'޴, ķʽ鵵: , libpaper
      `pool/main/libp/libpaper/'.

     [1]

[1]  ȥ,  `dists' Ŀ¼, ӦаĿ¼.
     , 統վ°汾ʱ.
     ͨ pool õ˽.

     `dists'
     aptʵļλdistsĿ¼Уֱд֮ʱɷаûתpoolĿ¼㽫·
     "Filename" аза `dists/potato'  `dists/woody'.


5.11. ʲô "incoming"?
------------------------

     صڼʵԺ FTP ǰȴ "incoming"
     Ŀ¼.

     ͨûҪĿ¼װ.  Ȼ, ĳЩڽ,
     ֱӴ incoming Ŀ¼(http://incoming.debian.org/)ֹ,
      GPG ǩ, .changes  .dsc ļеУ MD5sums, Ȼװ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


6. Debian İϵͳ
----------------------


6.1. ʲô Debian ?
----------------------

     һʵһϵ⹦ļ.  ͵
     Debian :

        * _ư_, ִļ, ļ, man/info ֲ, ȨϢ,
          Լĵ.  һ Debian еĸʽַ( 6.2 ,
          `Debian ĸʽ?'), ͨ '.deb' Ϊ׺.  ʹ Debian
           `dpkg' ߽(װ); ֲ.

        * _Դ_, һԴ `.dsc' ļ, һ gzip-tar
          鵵ѹʽδ޸Դ `.orig.tar.gz' ļ,
          һԴDebian޸ĵ `.diff.gz' ļ.  ʹ
          `dpkg-source' ͽѹ debian Դĵ.  ֲ.

     ϵʹðάƵ "ϵ(dependencies)" װ.
     Щϵдÿ `(control)' ļ.  : װ
     `binutils'  `gcc' ʱ,ûԤȰװ `binutils', ϵͳ
     (dpkg) ͻֹͣװ `gcc', Ҫ `binutils'
     ĴϢ.(,dpkg(8)).   6.9 , `Ĺ'.

     Debian Ĵ߿:

        * ά͹򲿷,

        * ڴи, , ҪʹС,

        * ߹, 

        * ûԶ(FTP)װ.


6.2. Debian ĸʽ?
-------------------------

     һ Debian "",  Debian 鵵ļ, ִļ, ļ,
     ĵ.  ͨ `.deb' Ϊ׺.

     Debian ڲʽdeb(5)ֲ.
     ڲʽı(رDebian GNU/Linux а),
     ͨʹ dpkg-deb(1) .debļ.


6.3. Ϊʲô Debian ô?
------------------------------------

     Debian ʽ: <foo>_<汾>-<Debian޶>.deb

     ע, `foo' Ǽٶ.  Ϊ,
     ͨķ֮һ˽ƶӦһ debian (.deb
     ļ):

        *  Debian FTP վµ "Packages" ļ,
          ļаÿ,
          ÿεĵһֶξʽ.

        * ʹ `dpkg --info foo_VVV-RRR.deb' ( VVV  RRR
          Ǳѯİ汾޶汾).  ʾнĶӦ.

     `VVV' ָƶİ汾, ûʲô׼ʽ, 
     "19990513"  "1.3.8pre1" һͬ..

     `RRR'  Debian ޶汾,  Debian (ߴ Debian
     ûԼ)ָ, ӳ Debian ,
     һµͨ Debian Makefile (`debian/rules')ļ Debian
     ļ, װ, ɾű(`debian/p*'), ļ޸.


6.4. Debian Ŀļʲô?
-----------------------------

     ڿļϸݲμ Debian ֲ,  4 ,  11.1 ,
     `Debian ϵͳĵ?'.

     ±һ Debian  hello ļļҪ:

          : hello
          ȼ: optional
          : devel
          װС: 45
          ά: Adam Heath <doogie@debian.org>
          ƽ̨: i386
          汾: 1.3-16
          : libc6 (>= 2.1)
          : The classic greeting, and a good example
           The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting.  It
           allows nonprogrammers to use a classic computer science tool which
           would otherwise be unavailable to them.
           .
           Seriously, though: this is an example of how to do a Debian package.
           It is the Debian version of the GNU Project's `hello world' program
           (which is itself an example for the GNU Project).

     (Packahe)ֶθ, ʶ,
     ͨ(Ǳ) Debian Ƶĵһַ.

     汾(Version)ֶθοߵİ汾ź汾, 6.3 ,
     `Ϊʲô Debian ô?'.

     ƽ̨(Architecture)ֶָưıӲƽ̨.

     (Depends)ֶθİб.

     װС(Installed-Size)ֶ˵װ̿ռ,
     ڰװǰʾǷ㹻Ŀռ䰲װ˳..

     (Section)и˰Debian
     FTPϵĴ洢λ,ϴ洢˰Ŀ¼( 5.1 , `Debian  FTP
     ЩĿ¼?').

     ȼ(Priority), Ӧװ˵Ҫ̶,  dselect  console-apt
     һİԾݴ˶װ,  6.7 , `ȼ?'.

     ά(Maintainer)ֶθǰά˰˵ĵ..

     (Description)ֶδļҪ˵.

     ݲ Debian ֲ, 4, "ļֶ".


6.5. Debian ļ
----------------------

     ļ(Conffiles)һļб(ͨ `/etc' ),
     ʱᱻ, ȷļıòᱻƻ,
     ʹÿϵͳ״̬.

     :

          dpkg --status package

     鿴 "Conffiles" ȷʱЩļ.


6.6. Debian  preinst, postinst, prerm,  postrm ű?
--------------------------------------------------------

     ЩװǰԶеĿִнű.  ͳΪ`ļ',  Deian
     ""..

     :

     preinst
          Debian(".deb")ѹǰִеĽű,
          Ϊڱİֹͣط,ֱװ.(ɹִ
          'postinst' ű).

     postinst
          Ҫ(".deb")װɺù.  ͨ, postinst
          űҪû, /򾯸ûĬֵ,
          ӦüǵðҪ󷵻.  һװɺ,
          postinst ű, Ӧķ.

     prerm
          ֹͣһؽ, Ҫжļǰִ.T.

     postrm
          ޸ļ, /жļ(  6.8 ,
          `ʲô?'.)

     ǰļ `/var/lib/dpkg/info' Ŀ¼ҵ,  `foo'
     ص "foo" ͷ, "preinst", "postinst",
     Ϊչ.Ŀ¼µ `foo.list'
     ļгװļ.(עЩļλdpkgȷģܻDebina汾)


6.7. ȼ?
----------------

     ÿһάָ_ȼ_, ڰϵͳ.  Щȼ:

        * _(Required)_: ϵͳת.

          ޸ϵͳȱй.  ɾЩ,
          ϵͳܻ, п޷ dpkg ָ.
          ϵͳǲõ,
          ΪϵͳԱϵͳװṩ㹻Ĺ.

        * _Ҫ(Important)_: κ Unix ϵͳϾװиü.

          û, İ޷ϵͳתʹ, Emacs , X11 , TeX
          ȴӦó__ڴ.  ɻϵͳ.

        * _һ(Standard)_: Linux ϵͳһ, Сַϵͳ.

          ûʲôҲѡҲĬϰװ.  , 
          Emacs(˵һӦ,˵ǻ)һС TeX 
          LaTeX(֧X).

        * _ѡ(Optional)_: еҪװļ,
          һʼ֪ʲô.  ûҪ.

           X11, е TeX Ӧó.

        * _(Extra)_: ȼͻ,
          ֻ֪;ſܶ,
          Ϊرԭܽ"ѡ"ȼ.


6.8. ʲô?
------------------

     ָһнƹܵͳ,  `tin'  `trn'
     Ķ, ΪϵͳҪĶĳṩ֧.
     ˿˵Ƕṩ"`Ķ(news-reader)'".

     ͬ, `smail'  `sendmail' ṩʼĹ.
     ˵ṩ"ʼ(mail transport
     agent)",߰װ"`ʼ(mail
     transport agent)'".

     Debian ṩһ, ϵͳṩͬһ˰װ˶,
     ϵͳԱָһΪѡ.  ص `update-alternatives',
      10.10 , `Debian Բͬϲõ֧?'.


6.9. Ĺ
-------------

     Debian ϵͳһװ"",
     Աʾ(һ־)ϵͳг A ִ B ̶:

        *  A _depends_  B, ָ A 밲װ B, ĳЩ A
           B, İ汾.  ͨͰ, A
           B °ض.

        *  A _recommends_  B, άΪûϲ B
          ṩֵ֧ A.

        *  A _suggests_  B,  B ĳЩ A
          Ĺй(ͨǿ).

        *  A  B _conflicts_ ָϵͳ B  A .
          ͨΪ A  B ļĸĽֳͻ, "Conflicts"
          "replaces" ͬʱ.

        *  A _replaces_  B, ָ A װʱ, B еļᱻ A
          ɾ͸.

        *  A _provides_  B, ָ A ṩ B еĹܺļ,
          ֻΪЩ̿ռûṩһ, ֻװ A
          ҪĲ.

     ĿĸϸϢĴֲͲֲ


6.10. Pre-Depends ʲô˼?
---------------------------

     "Pre-Depends" һرϵ, ܶ,
     ϵͳǷ, `dpkg' Ὣ(, `.deb' ļ),
     ָͨͷųеİװļ, ϵͳв__İ, `dpkg'
     ܾɰװ(ִ"").

     , ĳЩ, ǰ, `dpkg' ܾ, ͳ,
     ְĳЩ "Pre-depend" ϵ.  Debian
     ĿṩֻΪϵͳ `a.out' ʽȫ `ELF' ʽ,
     ڽҪǳϸ.  ҪַҲǳ,
     Щ "required"  LibC .

     Ϣ, ֲ.


6.11. ״̬( _unknown_, _install_, _remove_ _purge_  _hold_)?
------------------------------------------------------------------

     Щ "want" ־λûβһ(ȿʹ
     `dselect'  "Select" ˵Ҳֱӵ`dpkg').

     ǵ˼:

        * unknown - ûûָеĲ

        * install - ûϣаװ

        * remove - ûϣɾ, ɾļ.

        * purge - ûϣȫɾ, ļ.

        * hold - ûϣ״, , ûϣֵǰİ汾״̬.


6.12. һ?
---------------------

     ְ취, ʹdpkg  dselect.

     ʹdpkg, Ҫѡб:

          dpkg --get-selections \* > selections.txt

     Ȼ༭ `selections.txt' ļ, ޸Ҫİ, 
     `libc6':

          libc6                                           install

     Ϊ:

          libc6                                           hold

     Ȼٰ dpkg ݿ:

          dpkg --set-selections < selections.txt

     ʹdselect, Ҫ [S]elect Ļ, ҵҪ(), `='
      ( `H').  뿪 [S]elect Ļ,ĶЧ.


6.13. ΰװһ source ?
-----------------------------

     Debian Դʵϲ"װ", ֻǽưĿ¼.

     ľվ㶼ṩԴ,  APT 
     sources.list(5) ļдӦ "deb-src" Դ, ͨ

          apt-get source foo

     Դ

     Debian ԴṩνĹ-,
     Դάṩһİб, ưǰ

          apt-get build-dep foo

     ֪ô.


6.14. δԴ봴ư?
-----------------------------

     Դ, Ҫеffoo_*.dsc, foo_*.tar.gz  foo_*.diff.gz (ע,
      Debian , û .diff.gz ļ)(ע: ָ foo
     ).

     ɺ( 6.13 , `ΰװһ source ?'), Ѿװ
     dpkg-dev (),һ:

          dpkg-source -x foo_version-revision.dsc

     ͷŰ `foo-version' Ŀ¼.

     , `foo-version' Ŀ¼, ִ

          dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -b

     (ע, Ҫ `fakeroot' package ), Ȼ

          dpkg -i ../foo_version-revision_arch.deb

     װ´İ.


6.15. Լ Debian ?
-----------------------------

     ϸ, Ķ άָ, ĵ `maint-guide' , 
     http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#maint-guide.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7. Debian İ
----------------------


7.1. ṩЩ?
------------------------

7.1.1. dpkg
-----------

     Ҫ, кܶ, õ:

        * : `dpkg --help'.

        * ָĿļ(Ϣ): `dpkg --info
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb'

        * װ(): `dpkg --install foo_VVV-RRR.deb'.

        * (): `dpkg --unpack foo_VVV-RRR.deb'.  ע,
          ˲⿪İڲ״̬, Ҫ,
          һЩļҪһ.  ɾѰװ汾.
           preinst ű( 6.6 , `Debian  preinst,
          postinst, prerm,  postrm ű?').

        * һ⿪İ: `dpkg --configure foo'.  
          postinst( 6.6 , `Debian  preinst, postinst, prerm, 
          postrm ű?')ű,  `conffiles' оٵļ.
          ע,''(configure)ʹ( foo),
          Debianĵļ(, foo_VVV-RRR.deb).

        *  Debian ͷһΪ "blurf" ļ(һΪ "blurf"
          ļ): `dpkg --fsys-tarfile foo_VVV-RRR.deb | tar -xf - blurf*'

        * ɾ(ļ): `dpkg --remove foo'.

        * ɾ(ļ): `dpkg --purge foo'.

        * г "foo*" ַ״̬: `dpkg --list 'foo*''.

7.1.2. dselect
--------------

     Debian ϵͳĲ˵.  ԵһΰװʹΧر.

     `dselect' :

        * ûѡװɾʱ, ȷҪװİͻ,
          ʹÿ(Ҫװ)еװ.;

        * ûѡĲһºͲ;

        * ȷ밲װİװ˳;

        * Զɰװɾ; 

        * ûÿ\.

      `dselect' ʱ, ߸˵, ÿضĹ,
     û¼ƶ, Ȼ <س> (_<enter>_)
     ѡʾ.

     ʾûѡй.  ѡĲ `Access'  `Select',
     `dselect' ͻִָĶ: , ѡ `Remove',
     dselectͻɾû `Select' еѡ.

     `Access'  `Select' ˵иĲ˵ѡ, ѡ񶼻ַ,
     ϲѡĹб, ǶӦѡļҪ("info").

     κʱ򶼿ɰ "?"  , ɺϢ, ʹ߰.

     ͨյһ˵˳װ, ,
     ûҲԸԼҪѡ(ûľѡй)..

        * ͨѡһ _Access Method_ ʼ.  ָû Debian
          ķ; Щû CD-ROM ϻȡ Debian ,
          Щͨ FTP ȡ.  `dselect' ˳ѡ "Access
          Method" ᱻ洢, 粻ٵѡ, ʷʽı.

        *  _Update_ б.  `dselect' ȡλ Debian
          洢Ŀ¼Ķ "Packages.gz" ļ(, `dselect'
          ͼһ).

        * _Select_ װ, ѡȡ˲˵,
          ʾİϢ(ʹ `--expert' в),
          ˳, ͻѡķ˵..

          Խխϰ 29000  Debian Ĺб;
          °ǶӦT.

          øѡ߰, Ȼѡ:

          װ:
               "+".

          ɾ:
               ְ취ɾ:

                  * ɾ: ɾĴ󲿷ļ,
                    ǲļ(  6.5 , `Debian
                    ļ')оٵҪļϢ,
                    ʹ '-' ..

                  * : ɾ__ļ, ʹ '_' .

               ע⣬ɾ "" .  ͼ,
               ϵͳͻصĻϵͳ״̬.

          
               ʹ '=' ,  `dselect'
               ʹʹ°汾ҲҪ.

               ͨ `:' ȡ, Ĭ.

          ʹòͬʽʾб, ʹ `o'
          ڲͬʽл.  Ĭϵʽȼ,
          ͬһȼ, 洢Ŀ¼, ʽ, ʾ A
          Ŀ¼, ȻB, ǵһȼ A.

          Ҳʹ `v' (verbose) չĻǩĽ.
          Ϳұʾ, ͨҼͷƶ.

          ѡ˰װɾһ, `foo.deb',
          (Ҫ)һ(),  `blurf.deb', `dselect'
          ͻһʾ, Զϵͳ(װ򲻰װ)ѡ,
          ܻܾ.   Shift-D Ժ, Shift-U һ˵.
          κʱ򶼿԰ Shift-Q ѡ,˵.

        * ˵, ѡ "Install" ˵жѡ.
          ѡ "Remove" ˵ɾ.  ѡ "Quit" ˳ `dselect',
          ѡᱻ `dselect' .

7.1.3. dpkg-deb
---------------

      Debian ʽ (`.deb') ļĲ.  :

        * 鿴ȫѡ: `dpkg-deb --help'.

        * 鿴 Debian ʽڵļ: `dpkg-deb --contents
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb')

        * ͷ Debian ʽڵļָĿ¼: `dpkg-deb --extract
          foo_VVV-RRR.deb tmp' ͷ `foo_VVV-RRR.deb' ڵȫļ `tmp/'
          Ŀ¼.  ǲҪװ, ڱĿ¼()ݵļ򵥷.

     ע, ִ `dpkg-deb --extract' ȷİװ, Ӧִ
     `dpkg --install'.

     ϸμֲ dpkg-deb(1).

7.1.4. apt-get
--------------

     `apt-get' ṩһ򵥵аװķ.   `dpkg' ͬ,
     `apt-get' ʶ .deb ļ, ʹԭͨ
     `/etc/apt/sources.list' ָİװԴаװ.

     Ϣ, װ `apt'  apt-get(8), sources.list(5) 
     `/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

7.1.5. dpkg-split
-----------------

     ָСļ(, д),
     ͽָļϲ.  ֻ Debian ϵͳʹ( `dpkg'
     ϵͳ), ΪҪ `dpkg-deb'  Debian .

     , һ .deb ָ N ,

        * ִ `dpkg-split --split foo.deb'.
          ͻڵǰĿ¼ַָNСΪ 460KB ļ.

        *  N ļ.

        * ϵݿ.

        * ʹ `dpkg-split --join "foo*"' ϲ.


7.2. Debian Զһеĳ, ?
-------------------------------------------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux ϵͳں֧滻ļ.

     ṩһ `start-stop-daemon' ĳ,
     ʱ̻ںм仯ʱͣ(,
     ɶûûģʽ򵽹ػģʽ).  ĳ̵װʱ,
     װű̵ֹͣõҲ.


7.3. ҵ Debian ϵͳװЩ?
--------------------------------------

     Ҫ鿴 Debian ϵͳϰװ״̬, 

          dpkg --list

     ÿһм򵥽, 2ַ״̬־, , _װ_汾,
     ͼҪ.

     鿴 "foo" ͷ״̬, ִ:

          dpkg --list 'foo*'

     ҪõĳĸϸϢ, ִ:

          dpkg --status packagename


7.4. ҳһļĹ?
------------------------------

     Ҫҳļ `foo' , ִ:

        * `dpkg --search filename'

          ѰװѰ `filename'.(ͬ `/var/lib/dpkg/info/'
          Ŀ¼չΪ `.list' ļ,
          аļͰ汾).

        * `zgrep foo Contents-ARCH.gz'

          ͨ·Ѱ `foo' ַļ, `Contents-ARCH.gz'
          ļ(ARCH ָҪѯƽ̨) Debian FTP Ŀ¼(main,
          non-free, contrib), һ `Contents'
          ļֻͬһĿ¼µ,ûҺ `foo'
          ļҪѰ `Contents' ļ.

           `dpkg --search'
          ַŵǣѰϵͳѰװ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


8. ϵͳ
-----------

     Debian Ŀ֮һṩһµ;Ͱȫ.
     һֱƽ̵ʵ.
     Ҫעû,
     ṩһܵĽ.

     ҲӦĶ Debian CD ϵķм¼,
     ĵϸ,Ҳɴhttp://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotesøĵ.


8.1. ѻ libc5  Debian1.3.1() libc6 2.0()?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

     мķ:

        * ʹһ `autoup.sh' ļ򵥵 shell
          űд󲿷Ҫ, `autoup.sh' ɺ, ʹ
          dselect İװ.  Ƽʹõ,Ψһķ.

          ° `autoup.sh' һµַҵ:

             * http://www.debian.org/releases/2.0/autoup/

             * http://www.taz.net.au/autoup/

             * http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/

        * ±ߵķ Debian libc5 to libc6 Mini-HOWTO
          (http://debian.vicnet.net.au/autoup/HOWTO/libc5-libc6-Mini-HOWTO.html)
          ܽӽ, ֶ󲿷ֵҪ.  `autoup.sh' ǻ
          Mini-HOWTO , ַʹ `autoup.sh' .

        * ʹû libc5  `apt'.  APT һп dselect
          .  ڵ APT  dselec ͬ, н
          Debian  `dists/slink/main/upgrade-older-i386' Ŀ¼ҵ
          libc5 İ汾.

        * ûֶκ, ʹ dselect.  Բʹ,
          ûҪʹַ .Ϊ dselect
          ʹŻ˳װ, APT ҪȫĶ.


8.2. ҵϵͳ?
------------------

     Լ򵥵¼ Debian  FTP, ҵԼҪļ,
     ,Ȼ `dpkg' װ.  ע, `dpkg' װ,
     ʹ.  ʱװҪһ汾.
     Ļ, װͻֹͣ, ֱһװ.

     ܶΪַ˷ʱ.  Ϊ Debian ̫,
     ÿܶкܶ.  һ°汾ǰ.  ,
     ûϣʹøԶķ.  мʵĿ:

8.2.1. APT
----------

     APT  Debian ļϵͳĸ߼.  apt-get Ǵй,
     APT dselect  `dselect'  APT ӿ, ṩһ򵥵,
     ȫİװķ.

     APT ԰: ʽװ, లװԴ֧, һЩص.
     ûָ `/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'.

     Ȱװ `apt' , ༭ `/etc/apt/sources.list' ʹ֮Ч,
      Debian ȶ, ʹİװԴ:

          http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free

     㸽Ͽ Debian 滻 http.us.debian.org Ϣ
     http://www.debian.org/misc/README.mirrors.

     ϸڲμ apt-get(8)  sources.list(8) ֲ,
     Լǰᵽ`/usr/share/doc/apt/guide.html/index.html'ûָ.

     Ȼ

          apt-get update

     

          apt-get dist-upgrade

     شÿһֵܳ, ϵͳ.

      `dselect'ʹAPT,  `dselect' ķѡĻѡAPTȡ.
     ȻָҪõİװԴ, ļ `/etc/apt/sources.list', ʽ
     sources.list(5) ֲϸ.

     Ҫ CD װ, ʹ `apt-cdrom'.
     ϸڼб¼"ؾ趨"½.

     עⰲװɺ, ڰװİȻ /var Ŀ¼, Ҫͷſռ,
     ǵ`apt-get clean'  `apt-get autoclean'
     ɾƵĵط(ʾ:ʹ `apt-move').

8.2.2. dpkg-ftp
---------------

      `dselect' нϵһ.  Դ `dselect' е,
     ûʹֱذװ, `dselect' ѡ `ftp'
     ȡģʽָԶĿ¼, ô `dpkg-ftp'
     ͻԶѡе.

     ע,  `mirror' ͬ, `dpkg-ftp' ץȡվж,
     ǽ(ʱ)ѡ, Ȼ.

     `dpkg-ftp' is somewhat obsolete.  You should use the APT access method
     with ftp:// URLs in `sources.list' instead.

8.2.3. mirror
-------------

     һ Perl ű,  `mirror-master' Ĺ, _ͨ_
     FTP ָĿ¼ûָĲ.

     `mirror' شǳ.
     վصһ `.mirrorinfo' ļ, ڱ.
     `mirror' ԶԶļϵͳı仯, ļȽ, زͬ.

     `mirror' ԶĿ¼ڱصĿǳ,
     صļһ Debian ʽļ.  (`mirror'һ Perl ű,
     Ҳڷ UNIX ϵͳ).   `mirror'
     ṩųļкûַָƥĻ,
     ѡ, Ŀ¼.

8.2.4. dpkg-mountable
---------------------

     dpkg-mountable Ϊ dselect һ `mountable' Ĵȡ.
     κһ /etc/fstab ָļϵͳװ, ,
     ĵϵͳͨӲ̷ NFS , ԱҪʱԶҽӻж.

     һЩԲڱ׼ dselect ҵ,
     ṩļ(ͬа沢л߷ֿ), ͽҪ,
     ǷʱĶĿ¼ɨ, ͼ¼аװ.


8.3. ǵûģʽ?
--------------------------------

     .  ʹ״̬Ҳ.  Debian һ
     `start-stop-daemon' , бҪʱ, ֹͣ, еĽ.


8.4. ҪӲϱе .deb ?
------------------------------------

     .  ļصӲ(Ǳ, dpkg-ftp ),
     װɺ, ԰ɾ.


8.5. ־?
------------------

     `dpkg' һѾ, , ɾ / ȫɾİļ¼,
     һʱ浱ǰն˵ļ¼.

     򵥵İ취¼ `dpkg'/`dselect'/`apt-get'/  script(1)
     лỰ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


9. Debian ں
----------------


9.1. Բ Debian رں?
--------------------------------------

     .

     Ҫע: Debian  C ļµ _stable_ а _kernel_
     headers Ϲ, Ҫʹñ _stable_ а kernel
     headers ߰汾һ,
     ôҪôheaders(`libc6-dev'), Ҫô° kernel
     нѹ headera ʹ,  kernel Դļ `/usr/src/linux' Ŀ¼,
     ôʱҪм `-I/usr/src/linux/include/'.


9.2. Debian ıں˹
--------------------------

     û()ں, ʹ `kernel-package' ,
      kernelĽű, ṩ˴ Debian kernel-image
     ,  kernel ԴļϲĿ¼:

          make-kpkg kernel_image

     Ҫȡ, 

          make-kpkg --help

     , ߲ѯ make-kpkg(1).

     ûֳɵ kernel-source-version ( "version" ָ kernel
     汾), ûԼ Linx վ°
     kernel(ҪǸ汾)..

      `/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz'  `kernel-package'
     ϸʹ˵.  Ҫ:

        *  Kernel Դ, л½Ŀ¼.

        * (һ)޸ kernel :

             * `make config' (н).

             * `make menuconfig' (һ ncurses Ĳ˵).
               ע밲װ `libncurses5-dev' .

             * `make xconfig' (X11 ).  Ҫװص X  Tcl/TK
               .

          ɺ, ͻ kernel ԴļϲĿ¼һ `.config'
          ļ.

        * ִ: `make-kpkg -rev Custom.N kernel_image', N
          ָûָİ汾.  ͻһΪ Custom.1  Debian
          ,  Linux 2.2.14
          ںˣͻ`kernel-image-2.2.14_Custom.1_i386.deb'.

        * װɵ.

             * ` dpkg --install /usr/src/kernel-image-VVV_Custom.N.deb'
               װں.  װű:

                  * س, LILO(װ˵Ļ),

                  * װ boot/vmlinuz_VVV-Custom.N ¶Ƶ kernel,
                    Ӧķ.

                  * ʾû, ̽ں.   9.3
                    , `?'.

             * ʹõس,  `grub'  `loadlin',
               Ӱ񿼵Ӧλ( /boot/grub  `MS-DOS' ).


9.3. ?
----------------------

     Ҫõ Debian  `boot-floppies' , λ
     DebianFTP  `admin' Ŀ¼.  Ľűһ `SYSLINUX'
     ʽ, Щʹ `MS-DOS' ʽ,
     ļ¼޸Ϊֱ linxux( syslinux.cfg
     жϵͳ).  еűӦ,
     ؽϵͳ.

     װ `boot-floppies'  `/usr/doc/boot-floppies/README'
     ҵϸϢ..


9.4. Debian µģ?
-------------------------

     Debian  `modconf' ṩһ shell
     ű(`/usr/sbin/modconf')ģ.ýűʹò˵,
     ûͨϵͳпɹ豸йϸ, ٽЩϸϢ
     `/etc/modules.conf' ļ(г˱ aliases ,
     Ӹģ), ļ `/etc/modutils/' Ŀ¼º
     `/etc/modules'(гҪϵͳʱصģ)Ŀ¼ģ.
     package provides a shell script (`/usr/sbin/modconf') which can be
     used to customize the configuration of modules.  This script presents
     a menu-based interface, prompting the user for particulars on the
     loadable device drivers in his system.  The responses are used to
     customize the file `/etc/modules.conf' (which lists aliases, and other
     arguments that must be used in conjunction with various modules)
     through files in `/etc/modutils/', and `/etc/modules' (which lists the
     modules that must be loaded at boot time).

     °ðļΪԶںṩ, ͬ, modconf
     Ҳһϵаļ(λ`/usr/lib/modules_help/'),
     ζģ趨ʵĲ.


9.5. ҿɾں, , ô?
------------------------------------------

     ǵ.  `kernel-image-NNN.prerm' ű鵱ǰ kernel
     ǷҪɾͬ.  ±ߵɾ㲻ҪںӰ:

          dpkg --purge --force-remove-essential kernel-image-NNN

     ("NNN" ȻҪں˰汾޶滻)


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


10.  Debian GNU/Linux İװ
--------------------------------


10.1. ȷеĳʹõͬҳߴ(paper size)?
-----------------------------------------------------------

     װ `libpaperg' ʱ, ѯϵͳĬҳߴ, 趨ᱣ
     `/etc/papersize'ļ.

     ûԲʹ `PAPERSIZE' ʱҳߴ, 
     papersize(5) ֲ.


10.2. Ӳ豸İȫ
----------------------------

     `/dev' Ŀ¼µ豸ļԤ趨,  `/dev/fd0'
     `floppy' , `/dev/dsp'  `audio' .

     Ҫĳû豸дȡȨ, ֻҪ豸Ϳ, :

          adduser user group

     ͲҪ޸豸Ȩ.


10.3. Debianʱؿ̨?
-------------------------------------

     `kbd'  `console-tools' ֲ֧, ༭`/etc/kbd/config' 
     `/etc/console-tools/config' ļ.


10.4. һ X11 Ĭֵ?
------------------------------------

     Debian  X λ `/etc/X11/app-defaults/' Ŀ¼,
     Ҫһ X Ӧó, ݷЩļ,
     ʱŲᱻƻ.


10.5. ÿ linux а涼вͬʽ,  Debian ķʽ.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

     ͬе Unix һ, Debian ʱҪִ `init' .  `init'
     ļ(`/etc/inittab')ָĵһִнűӦ
     `/etc/init.d/rcS'.  ýűִ `/etc/rcS.d/'
     Ŀ¼иűչָ鲢ļϵ,
     װںģ, , 趨ʱӵϵͳʼ.  ,
     Ϊ˼Կ,  `/etc/rc.boot/'
     Ŀ¼µļ(Щļа `.'  ļ),
     Ŀ¼еĽűͨǹϵͳԱʹõ, м.

     ϵͳ̺, `init' ִĬм(м
     `/etc/inittab' е `id' )ָеű.  ͬ System V
      Unix һ, Linux  7 м:

        * 0 (رϵͳ),

        * 1 (ûģʽ),

        * 2  5 (ֶûģʽ), Լ

        * 6 (ϵͳ).

     Debian ϵͳ id=2, ʾûģʽʱĬмΪ '2',
     Խ `/etc/rc2.d/' еĽű.

     ʵ, Ŀ¼ `/etc/rcN.d/' еĽűָ `/etc/init.d/'
     ķ.  Ȼ, ÿ `/etc/rcN.d/' Ŀ¼ļ__ָ
     /etc/init.dӦű_ʽ_.  ر, ڽκм֮ǰ,
      'K' ͷĽű, ЩűĹֹ.  Ȼ,
      'S' ͷĽű, ЩűĹ.  и
     'K'  'S' λ涨˽űеȺ, СĽű.

     ֹʽΪ `/etc/init.d/'
     еĽűһ涨ű`start', `stop', `reload', `restart' 
     `force-reload', űԲĸִֵ.
     Щűϵͳ, Ƹֽ.

     , ʹô `reload' 

          /etc/init.d/sendmail reload

      sendmail daemon һź, Ҫضļ.


10.6.  Debian ʹ `rc.local' ; ôṩʲô?
---------------------------------------------------------------------

     ϵͳҪʱ `foo' ű, ָ (System V) м.
     ϵͳԱ:

        *  `foo' ű `/etc/init.d/' Ŀ¼.

        * ʹúʵĲ Debian  `update-rc.d',
          (ָ)rc?.dĿ¼ `/etc/init.d/foo'
          ֮佨,  0  6 еһ, Ӧ System V
          ĸм.

        * ϵͳ.

     `update-rc.d' Ὠrc?.dĿ¼ļ `/etc/init.d/'
     Ŀ¼нű, ÿ 'S'  'K' ͷ, һ,
     پǽű.  `/etc/rcN.d/' 'S' ͷĽűϵͳм `N'
     ʱִ.   'K' ͷĽű뿪м `N' ʱִ.

     , ű `foo'  `/etc/init.d/' Ȼʹ
     `update-rc.d foo defaults 19' ,  `foo'
     űϵͳڼִ.   'defaults' ָĬм,  2 
     5 ĳֵ.   '19' ȷ `foo'  20 Ľű֮ǰִ.


10.7.  Debian ʽİ?
-----------------------------------------------

     Щû뽨һ Debian ʽİͷ Debian
     ʽİɵķ, ͨⲻһ, Ϊ `dpkg' ޷˽
     Debian ʽļ, ʱֳܻͻ.

     Դһ Debian ʽİ, ޸ļΪ Debian
     ,  `dpkg'
     ϵͳʶ𱾵ϵͳԱļ޸,ʱḲǵ.


10.8. ͬ汾ļ
--------------------------------

     ϵͳԱ򱾵ûʹ "login-local"  Debian
     ṩĵ¼ `login'.

     __ Ҫ:

        *  `login-local'  `/bin/login' ǵ.

     ϵͳ֪仯,  `login'( `/bin/login'
     )װʱ, 㶨Ƶ `/bin/login' ͻᱻǵ.

     Ӧ

        * :

               dpkg-divert --divert /bin/login.debian /bin/login

          ʹDebian `login' װʱ, д `/bin/login.debian'
          `/bin/login'.

        * Ȼ:

               cp login-local /bin/login

          㶨ƵĳƵӦλ.

     Debian ṩ dpkg-divert(8) ֲ.


10.9.  Debian İϵͳ Debian ʽ?
---------------------------------------------------------

     ִ:

          dpkg-scanpackages BIN_DIR OVERRIDE_FILE [PATHPREFIX] > my_Packages

     :

        * BIN-DIR ָ Debian ʽ(ͨչΪ ".deb")Ĵ·i.

        * OVERRIDE_FILE ļɷаά߱༭,  "main"
          ае, ͨ Debian FTP ĵ
          `indices/override.main.gz' .  ڷ Debian ʽ,
          Ժļ.

        * PATHPREFIX һ _ѡ_ ַ,  `my_Packages'
          ļʱԤȿ.

     һ㹹 `my_Packages' ļ, ʹϵͳ:

          dpkg --merge-avail my_Packages

     ʹ APT, Ҳ԰ѱԴ sources.list(5) ļ.


10.10. Debian Բͬϲõ֧?
-------------------------------

     һЩ, ͬṩͬĻ,
     һЩûΪϰ, ߸оȽѺѡһ,
     ʹͬһϵͳһЩûȴвͬѡ.

     Debian ʹϵͳ, ϰṩͬĻʱ,
     ûָʱ, ʹϵͳԱ(û)ѡϲĹ.

     , ϵͳпܴͬ汾Ķ.
     ŷҪϵͳĶ֧ ,ѡ `tin'
     `trn'û, Ϊ `tin'  `trn' ṩ `news-reader'
     Ҫ, ָͨѡļ( `/usr/bin/trn' )ĳ
     `/etc/alternatives/news-reader' һøó.

     ӲгҪ,
     ͨϵͳṩͬһ˰װ˶, Perl ű
     `update-alternatives' ṩһָһΪϵͳĬA.

     õ `x-window-manager', :

          update-alternatives --display x-window-manager

     Ҫ,:

          update-alternatives --config x-window-manager

     ȻĻȴָ(һ, ѡϲ).

     Ϊԭ, ûעΪڹ(һ), ʹ
     /usr/locale Ŀ¼µĴڹ, ĻϿûҪѡ,
     ʹ:

          update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/x-window-manager \
            x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs 50

     `--install' ѡĵһָ /etc/alternatives/NAME
     һ, NAME ǵڶ,  /etc/alternatives/NAME
     ָĳ, ĸȼ(ֵԽеĿԽ).

     :

update-alternatives --remove x-window-manager /usr/local/bin/wmaker-cvs

     ɾ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


11. ȡ Debian GNU/Linux ֧
--------------------------------


11.1. Debian ϵͳĵ?
----------------------------

        * Iǰ汾İװ˵: 
          http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.

        * ֲ(Policy manual)ĵо˷аĲҪ, , Debian FTP
          Ľṹ, Ŀ¼, ϵͳļ, ȵ.
          ַİȫԼҪ, Debian ưԴĻ.

          ɴ `debian-policy' 
          http://www.debian.org/doc/devel-manuals#policy ôĵ.

        * Ѱװ Debian ĵ: ĵѹ
          `/usr/doc/PACKAGE'.

        * Linux Ŀĵ: `doc-linux'  Linux ĵĿ
          (http://www.tldp.org/) Ĵ󲿷 HWOTO  miniHOWTO.

        *  UNIX ֲ: ܶһ UNIX ֲ.
          ǲοĿ¼ 'man' ļ,  foo(3) 
          /usr/share/man/man3/ µֲ, ҿ `man 3 foo'
          ,  `foo' ĵһֲҳֱ `man foo' .

          ͨ `man -w foo' ѧϰһֲ `/usr/share/man/'
          .

          Debian ûӦע,
          ೣϵͳֻаװſԵõ:

             * `man-db',  `man' , Լֲҳw.

             * `manpages', ϵͳֲҳ.  (  4.8 ,
               `(Ӣ)ֵ֧ô?').

        *  GNU Ϣҳ: ûĵ, ر GNU ߵ,  GNU
           info ȡϢҳ.   GNU Emacs Ϣҳ
          `M-x info' 鿴.

          ֲҳҪص, һıϵͳ.  __Ҫ WWW ֧.
          info ڴı̨.   WWW  Richard Stallman
          Ƶ.

     עʹ WWW ϵͳзʺܶĵ, Щĵͨ
     `dwww'  `dhelp' ӸԵл.


11.2. Щ Debian Դʵ Debian
ṩĻüֵ֧Ҫʹ email.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.2.1. ʼб
----------------

     кܶ Debian ʼб (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/).

     ϵͳﰲװ `doc-debian' , Դ
     `/usr/share/doc/debian/mailing-lists.txt' ļлʼб.

     Debian ʼб debian-<list-subject> ĸʽ, 
     debian-announce, debian-user, debian-news.  һΪ "subscribe"
     ʼ debian-<list-subject>-request@lists.debian.org Ϳɶ
     debian-<list-subject> бĶ.  ַĻ˶ʱǵע.

     ҲʹWWW  (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/subscribe)
     ʼб.  Ҳʹ WWW 
     (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/unsubscribe) ˶.

     ʲô鷳ҲԸʼб߷
     <listmaster@lists.debian.org>.

     DebianFTP ʼбͨҳ http://lists.debian.org/ .

11.2.1.1. ʼбĹ?
-------------------------

     ʹʼбʱ, ¹:

        * Ҫ spam(ʼ).   Debian ʼб
          (http://www.debian.org/MailingLists/#ads).

        * 벻ҪϢ; ǲò, Debian Ŀ߶־Ը,
          ǵʱ, , ͽǮһ𿪷 Debian Ŀ.

        * Ҫʹöӵ; , ЩͨߵͨѶб,
          ǷǷ.

        * ȷʹȷб.  ,
          Ҫûص⵽뿪صʼб[1]

        * ύ  11.5 , `ύһ Debian еĴ?'  ½.

[1]  Ӧʹ debian-<list-subject>-REQUEST@lists.debian.org ַ.

11.2.2. άԱ
----------------

     ûʹ email ĳά, ʹ
     _xyz@packages.debian.org_ ϵ xyz ά.

11.2.3. 
--------------

     û comp.os.linux.*  linux.*  Linux 
     Debian Ե linux , кܶ Linux Դ, Linux
     Online (http://www.linux.org/docs/usenet.html)  LinuxJournal
     (http://www.linuxjournal.com/helpdesk.php) վ.


11.3. Ѱ Debian GNU/Linux ϵĿٷ?
-----------------------------------------------

     кܶ෽ٲѯ Debian طĵ:

        * Debian  (http://search.debian.org/).

        * Google Groups (http://groups.google.com/): һ.

          , ұѰ Debian  Promise ľ,ʹ
          `Promise Linux driver' ֶ.
          ͻõаЩַ, ۴ĵط.  ټ
          `Debian' ֶ, ͻõ `Debian' ص.

        * κһõ,  AltaVista (http://www.altavista.com/)
           url id="http://www.google.com/" name="Google">,
          ʹȷֶ.

          ,  "cgi-perl"
          ͻõĿļϸĽ.


11.4. ֪ļ¼?
---------------------

     Debian GNU/Linux һϵͳ(BTS)ļ,
     ϸоûͿ߱Ĵ, ÿһʶ,
     ô󱻱ʾΪΪֹ.

      http://www.debian.org/Bugs/ ļĿ.

     Ը request@bugs.debian.org һΪ "help"  e-mail
     ʼȡϵͳݿ.


11.5. ύһ Debian еĴ?
-----------------------------------

      Debian зһ, Ķ Debian д˵,
     ˵ͨ;:

        *  FTP.  Debian վ `doc/bug-reporting.txt'
          ļк˵.

        * ͨ WWW.   http://www.debian.org/Bugs/Reporting
          һ˵Ŀ.

        * κһװ `doc-debian'  Debian ϵͳ.˵
          `/usr/doc/debian/bug-reporting.txt' ļ.

     ʹ `bug'  `reportbug' ɴ󱨸,
     ύȷĵַ, ˹̻ԶһЩϵͳϢ.

     Ҫʹ email Ϣ <submit@bugs.debian.org>.
     ϢĵһӦ

          Package: package-name

     ( <package-name>
     滻Ҫ)ڶӦİ汾.
     :

          Version: version-number

     İ汾ſ±ߵ

          dpkg -s <package-name>

     Щͷ(pseudo-header)Ӧһеǰ.
     ±ߵĲӦðȷжĴϢ, ʹõ Debian İ汾,
     κ汾.  ʹ±ߵ鿴
     Debian İ汾

          cat /etc/debian_version

     ȻȴĴύԶȷ֪ͨ, Զһٺ.
     ӽ¼debian-bugs-dist ʼб.

     һҪܶƴʱ, İı͵
     <maintonly@bugs.debian.org> ȥ, Ҫ͵ submit@...
     ڷƵĴ󱨸֮ǰ, ӦҲһժҪ debian-bugs-dist.

     , һ Lintian (http://www.debian.org/lintian/)  Debian
     , ڻеļ Debian
     ԭԴһĴ.  , 㷢һеĴ,
     ڱİҲ, ú Lintianά<lintian-maint@debian.org>
     ȡϵ,  Lintian ⱨֱӱ,
     ЧֹĴһ汾߷аг.

     Ҳʹ <quiet@bugs.debian.org> ֻѴ󱨸ύ BTS,
     debian-bugs-dist άύ.   `quiet' ַʹ,
     Ѿ͵ά, ֻǰ鵵ϵͳ֮.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


12. Ϊ Debian Ŀ
----------------------

     ͨʱ(µ, ά,
     Ϊûṩ֧), Դ(ṩռ),
     ʽ(ṩԵӲƽ̨)Ŀ.


12.1. γΪһ Debian ?
-------------------------------------

     Debian Ŀȫ濪ŵ, Ļѧûȥάǰά
     "" , , Ϊûṩ֧i.

      Debian վNew Maintainer's Corner New Maintainer's Corner
     (http://www.debian.org/devel/join/newmaint).


12.2.  Debian ĿԴ?
---------------------------------

     Ϊ Debian ĿĿȫ緶ΧڽԿٷȡϵ,
     Ҫվ.  е Debian ʽ񲢲Ǳ,
     Ƿǳȡİ취.url id="http://www.debian.org/mirror/size"
     name="Debian mirror size">ҳȡĹھӲ̿ռϢ.

     ྵվȫɽűԶ,
     żϵͳ䶯ȻҪ˵ĸԤ.

     иٵ, 򲿷ַа澵Դ,
     Ը(ҵ)ϵͳά, 
     <debian-admin@lists.debian.org> ȡϵ..


12.3. ΪDebianĿ?
---------------------------

     Եһ Debian ĿĹؼ֯O.

12.3.1. SPI֯
---------------

     SPI  FSF  Debian Ŀʱķӯ֯
     .Ŀǿͷַ.

     Ŀ FSF ǳ.  Աʹ GNU ͨù֤.
     ڹͷһ Linux ϵͳ༼ϸ FSF  GNU
     ƻͬ.   FSF ϵ, ޸ GNU , Ҫû
     FSF  GNU Ŀ.

     ͨ http://www.spi-inc.org/  SPI.

12.3.2. (FSF)
---------------------------

     ˿ Debian  FSF ֮仹ûʽϵ.   FSF һЩ Debian
     ǳҪ,  GNU C .  GNU Emacs,
     ϵͳõ C п, FSF
     Ϊ˵·: Ǳд Debian
     ʹõͨù֤.   GNU ƻ, ȫɵ Unix ϵͳ.
     Debian Ϊ GNU ϵͳһ֧.

     ͨFS http://www.fsf.org/  FSF.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


13. ΪƷ Debian GNU/Linux
---------------------------------


13.1. ҿ Debian CD ??
-------------------------------------

     û, _а_еκζ, ҪõǵȨ, ,
     ֻҪǵ beta ɺͿ CD.  ظκη.
     Ȼ,  CD ̱ʵѭ Debian ֤.  ,
     ѭ GPL е.  Ҫ㷢ǵԴ.

     ͬʱ, ǽϹһΪ Debian Ŀʽ, , ʱ CD
     ̵.  ûЩ̴ CD, ҲǲĹ.


13.2. ԰?
---------------------------

     ǵ, Debian Ҫ,
     ҲṩһĿ¼÷ٷַĳ.

     CD
     __֤ߵĸַĿ¼µ.
     CD Ҳͬһ CD Ϸַ;ȡķ.
     Ѿʲô: ں̶ܶͬһ CD
     ҵ.  Ȼ,
     Ȼʽǵĳ.


13.3.  Debian GNU/Linux Ͽҵ Linux 汾?
------------------------------------------------------

     ǵ.  ,  "Linux for Hams"(ҵߵ Linux)а,
     Ϊߵ簮߿ĳ, 汾 Debian ĻϿ,
     ˷Ƴ, Ǹٳ, .  еĳ Debian
     ʽӵ.  ûԺ׵ĴӴԺеCD.

     гϻа Debian  Corel Linux  Storm Linux,
     ͬûȺ, Debian GNU/Linux
     ĻϼǵĲƷ.

     Debian ṩߺϵͳԱӱ( Debian
     ʽ)汾ļĻ, ʱǲᱻ.
     ĸۼ  10.8 , `ͬ汾ļ'.


13.4. ҵҵ Debian ?
---------------------------------------

     Ȼ.  , ڰװɻ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


14. һ Debian аһЩչ
------------------------------------


14.1. ǿȫ
----------------

     Debian  1.3 濪ʼ֧Ӱ(shadow passwords ).  ,
     ɲ֤ģ(Pluggable Authentication Modules)linux( libpam
     (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/);)ϵͳԱѡ֤ģʽ,֤趨ͨӰɵ.

     ֵ֧ĸ߼֤ģʽ Kerberos, RSBAC , ڽһĸĽ.


14.2. ǿԷӢû֧
----------------------------

     ѾһЩӢû֧,   4.8 ,
     `(Ӣ)ֵ֧ô?'.

     ϣΪṩֺ֧ͷ.  һЩѾֹ֧ʻ,
     ҪϢĿ¼.  ûʵȫʻ.

     GNU Ŀ ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ABOUT-NLS
     GNUĹʻ.


14.3. ϵṹ
--------------------

      SPARC64, SuperH ƽ̨ Debian ϵͳڿ.


14.4. ں
--------------

      Debian GNU/Hurd, Debian Դ NetBSD, FreeBSD 
     OpenBSDDSB ں˵Ŀ.


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


15. ƪ FAQ һЩ
---------------------------


15.1. 
----------

      FAQ ĵһ J.H.M.  Dassen (Ray)  Chuck Stickelman
     ά.  Susan G.  Kleinmann  Sven RudolphDebian GNU/Linux FAQ
     , Ժ Santiago Vila ά, ڵά Josip Rodin.

     Դ:

        * The Debian-1.1 release announcement, Bruce Perens
          (http://www.perens.com/).

        * The Linux FAQ, Ian Jackson
          (http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~ijackson/).

        * Debian Mailing Lists Archives (http://lists.debian.org/),

        * dpkg Աֲ  Debianֲ (  11.1 , `Debian
          ϵͳĵ?')

        * ࿪, ־ԸߺͲ

        * ߵļƬ.  :-)

     ڴ˸лĵд.

     ĵŵκα֤.  е̱Եӵ.


15.2. 
----------

     ӭԱĵͽ.  뷢e-mail
     <doc-debian@packages.debian.org>,  `doc-debian
     (http://bugs.debian.org/doc-debian)' ύ󱨸.


15.3. ȡ
----------

     ͨ Debian ҳ http://www.debian.org/doc/FAQ/
     鿴ĵ°汾.

     ҲԴ http://www.debian.org/doc/user-manuals#faq شı, HTML,
     PostScript  PDF ʽĵ, ﻹһЩ뱾.

     ĵʹ SGML .  SGML Դ `doc-debian'
     Դ`:pserver:anonymous@cvs.debian.org:/cvs/debian-doc/ddp/manuals.sgml/faq'
     л.


15.4. ĵʽ
--------------

     ĵʹ DebianDoc SGML DTD LinuxDoc SGML Ľɵ.
     DebianDoc SGML
     ϵͳһԴļָʽĵ磬ĵʹHTMLıTeX
     DVIPostScriptPDF  GNU info ʽĶ.

     DebianDoc SGML תλ `debiandoc-sgml' .


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


     The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ

     translator: etony C.F.AN <etony@tom.com>
     Debian FAQ Authors


     version 4.0.5, 17 May 2011

